My involvement with the natural stone industry began in a distinct moment in 2012. In the midst of a kitchen remodel, I was browsing kitchen discussions on the Houzz website, learning about grout and cabinet hinges and numerous other topics that suddenly were of urgent importance. 

Then a fascinating thread scrolled into view, asking, Anyone ever cover their marble with saran wrap for a party? I eagerly clicked into the lively discussion about a Super White countertop that had been etching unexpectedly. Would covering it in plastic wrap be a good solution? The resounding answer was no, it would not.

At that time, Super White was still relatively new on the scene and often mislabeled as a quartzite, leading to disappointment when it didn’t act like one. Hence, the urge to wrap it in plastic.

On my next visit to the slab yard, I spotted a slab of Super White. Swoon! That’s one gorgeous stone – a blend of white and cool greys arranged in a dynamic pattern reminiscent of a fractured ice floe. It was immediately obvious why the stone was a superstar, despite the nebulous problem with its identity.

The helpful salesperson gave me a sample and I went home to do some diagnostics. The stone didn’t scratch glass, which ruled it out as a quartzite. I put a single drop of diluted hydrochloric acid on the stone, expecting a slight fizzing action and an etch mark. But nope, the stone didn’t etch. That meant it wasn’t a calcite-based marble. Next up, the test for dolomite: I roughed up an area of the stone with a nail, then put a drop of acid on the bits of powdered rock I’d scraped up. Bingo! It fizzed – the stone is made of dolomite.

Dolomite is similar to calcite but it contains some magnesium in addition to calcium. Compared to calcite, dolomite is slightly harder and it etches more slowly. That makes a dolomitic marble somewhat more durable than “regular” marbles that are made entirely of calcite, but the difference is subtle. 

There’s one more complicating factor with identifying Super White. The rock has fractures that are filled with quartz. This happens when the rock breaks underground – usually due to some sort of tectonic stress – and then mineral-rich groundwater fills in the broken parts. Geologists call this texture a “breccia” and it’s what gives Super White its magnificent pattern of white marble fragments floating in a river of grey. These small areas of quartz may have led to the stone being mislabeled as a quartzite, but it’s not a quartzite by any stretch. The rock’s full scientific name is brecciated dolomitic marble. 

Marble is a stone that’s been beloved and useful through the ages, but it’s one that warrants careful consideration. The potential for etching and scratching can be a dealbreaker for some, but no problem for others – but either way, people need to be able to make an informed decision. The more that sales reps, fabricators, designers, and homeowners can learn about the properties of stone they’re considering, the happier everyone will be. 

I wrote up my findings in a post on Houzz in a thread called The lowdown on Super White, and woke up the next morning to find a half-dozen responses and questions. By the time I’d answered the follow up questions, several more appeared. Who knew that geologic descriptions of countertop stones would be such a hit? The thread soon reached its 150-post limit so I started another. It too quickly filled up so I started yet another, and another. I’d unexpectedly stumbled into a topic that seemed a good match for a geologist who happens to like kitchens.

Before too long I’d found the Marble Institute of America (now the Natural Stone Institute) and a happy collaboration was born. One of our first priorities was to delve into this very topic: The Definitive Guide to Quartzite. The popularity of marble and quartzite led to articles such as Telling White Stones Apart, that aimed to help people sort out the differences between similar-looking stones.

But there was one more element of that original post that was prescient. I wrote, “I swoon every darned time I pass by a slab of white marble. I just love it! But I will have to come up with another place to use it, like as a mantle or a countertop on a china cabinet.”

Fast-forward 12 years, and my dream built-in cabinet and bookcase was being installed, and I could finally carry out that vision. I still stop dead in my tracks every time I come face to face with a slab of white marble. It’s an exquisite material, made all the better because it comes naturally from the Earth. At last, I was admiring these beauties as a customer, not a scientist.

I checked out many different slabs, but honestly, there was never a doubt in my mind that I’d end up with Super White. It also happened to be the only white stone that my husband liked. I was able to find a remnant piece with a brilliant pattern of fracturing that was gloriously similar to the satellite images of sea ice that I use in my science writing for NASA. I stood in front of the slab and ran my fingers over the leathered surface, appreciating the texture of the marble blocks floating within the icy quartz veins. I felt so very lucky that it was finally time for a piece of glorious white stone of my own.

Can you tell which image is Super White and which is the spring breakup of Arctic Sea ice? The image on the left is Super White, and is about 10 inches across. The one on the right is a NASA satellite image of Baffin Bay from April 18, 2024, and it’s around 150 miles across.

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As homeowners continue investing in relaxing outdoor spaces, many are adding plunge pools and other features to their backyards. “The request we get most frequently is to install natural stone on the outside of their plunge pools,” says Karen Larson, co-founder of New Hampshire-based Soake Pools. Her company works almost exclusively with salvaged stones for the exterior and coping of its plunge pools. “Many clients opt for natural stone along the outside and coping of their plunge pools to enhance their landscapes with the stone’s durability, texture, and natural beauty,” Larson adds.

Cold plunging has become popular in the last few years. A cold plunge involves submerging yourself into cold water for a few minutes. The water is 50 degree Fahrenheit or cooler and most people who want to try it start with 30 seconds and build up to five to 10 minutes at a time. Those who do it regularly (which could be daily or weekly), say it’s a non-medically focused way to relieve joint pain and inflammation. Others find the act relieves stress and boosts their overall mood.   

Active participants might not be wrong. According to the Mayo Clinic Health System, “research indicates that icy water may have a positive effect on recovery after exercise by reducing inflammation and soreness. It also may help build resiliency, restore balance to the nervous system and improve cognitive function and mood.”

Other Ways to Take the Plunge

There are other ways to make your backyard an oasis. Larson says natural stones such as granite, limestone, and slate can be used as a decorative agent or creatively added to outdoor landscaping projects like pathways, patios, or retaining walls.  

Natural stone is a great choice for nearly any outdoor remodeling project as it’s incredibly durable, has timeless appeal, and requires little to no upkeep, according to Aaron Brundage, director of operations at System Pavers. “With stones available in a wide array of shapes and colors, it’s easy to create a personalized look that complements the aesthetic of your home,” he says.

Brundage offers four ideas for those who want to update or upgrade their outdoor living spaces:

Walkways

One of Brundage’s favorite ways to incorporate natural stone into landscaping is to build a walkway. “Because stone is so durable, it will hold up well in any weather while creating a functional focal point that elevates the look of your yard,” he says. “You can use rounded coping stones to eliminate tripping hazards and give your walkway a finished look and pleasing aesthetic.”

Photo courtesy of System Pavers.

Fire pits

Fire pits are another beautifully practical way to use natural stone in your outdoor space. “By building a cozy and inviting space for friends and family to gather, you’ll give yourself more reasons to get outside and unwind while enjoying the view,” Brundage says. “A natural stone fire pit has a look that’s as stylish as it is classic.”

Photo courtesy of System Pavers.

Retaining walls

Retaining walls are a wonderful way to feature natural stone in your outdoor space with a look full of texture and warmth. “Consider building short stone retaining walls that define your space while giving guests more places to sit and hang out around your yard,” he suggests. 

Photo courtesy of System Pavers.

Outdoor kitchens

Some of Brundage’s top remodeling projects include creating gorgeous outdoor kitchens with natural stone. “Nothing looks more inviting than a built-in grilling station surrounded by stone counters that are just the right height for entertaining,” he says. “A professionally built outdoor kitchen that uses stones to their full potential is an investment in your home that adds lasting value while enhancing the way friends and family use your outdoors on a regular basis.”

Photo courtesy of System Pavers.

Grounded in Natural Stone Furniture

Another way to incorporate natural stone into your backyard is through custom furniture. According to Amy Hovis, an award-winning landscape designer and principal/owner of Eden Garden Design, and owner of Barton Springs Nursery in Austin, Texas, whether it’s crafting custom furniture or enhancing landscape designs, natural stone plays a pivotal role in grounding the space and fostering a deep connection with the natural environment.

“From majestic landscape boulders to smaller ones utilized as bases for furniture, the use of natural stone allows us to seamlessly merge the boundaries between the outdoors and interior settings, imparting a sense of continuity and harmony,” Hovis says. “It also introduces an element of surprise and intrigue, elevating the overall aesthetic appeal.”

Many of us enjoy spending as much time outdoors as possible, especially when the weather cooperates. Creating a calming space makes it more appealing to get outside and stay outside. Whether it’s adding a plunge pool or other outdoor features, there is no shortage of opportunities to incorporate beautiful and long-lasting natural stone into the mix. 

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Colors have a powerful impact on our overall health and well-being. There are easy ways to incorporate this year’s most popular colors and pair them with natural stone to create fresh spaces.

We asked an interior designer, creative director, and color experts to share how homeowners could pair this year’s color trends with different types of natural stones inside their homes.

• Sherwin-Williams Upward SW 6239
• Benjamin Moore Blue Nova 824

“Natural stone, and specifically marble, can hold up to any of this year’s colors of the year, next year and well beyond,” says Julie Jordan, creative director and founder at J Jordan Homes, based in Hinsdale, Illinois.

Rather than consider the colors of the year as a trend and finding a natural stone that complements any year’s color trends, Jordan prefers to design spaces that only become “more cool” after each passing year. Natural stone passes the test of time. 

“Blue, grey, brown, or white, natural stone is the darling of so many spaces,” Jordan adds. She suggests natural stones such as Arabescato Corchia and Bronze Armani marble, or Blue Roma quartzite. 

Natural stone doesn’t need to be relegated to just kitchen counters or bathrooms. “There are so many amazing places to use natural stone,” says Jordan. She loves to incorporate different types of stone as fireplace surrounds, feature walls, and trims. These areas can be upgraded with natural stone to elevate a space. For an easy refresh, consider incorporating new paint colors or accent pieces that reflect trending colors. 

The Calming Hues of Blues

Sherwin-Williams’ Upward SW 6239 is “a breezy and blissful shade of blue that evokes the ever-present sense of peace found when slowing down, taking a breath and allowing the mind to clear,” according to the paint company. 

“Upward SW 6239 is a very versatile hue and can be applied in many spaces from kitchens and bathrooms to living and bedrooms,” says Sue Wadden, Director of Color Marketing at Sherwin-Williams. “The light and airy shade pairs well with white marble countertops in kitchen and bathrooms for a very sleek and refined aesthetic.”

Wadden also likes pairing the blue hue with darker stone options like bluestone, granite, or sandstone. “The cool undertones of the color pair perfectly with the silty stone profile,” she adds.

Scotti J. Campbell, an interior designer and owner of interior design firm SJC Design & Interiors in the Pacific Northwest, says Sherwin-Williams’ Upward is a soft shade of blue that begs to be paired with warm brass and white or creamy marble slabs or flooring to create elegant and timeless spaces. “White marble counters and/or flooring with Upward in a bathroom depicts calm refinement,” she adds. “Marbles with quiet veining and movement pair beautifully with this calm and slightly feminine shade. Create kitchens or bathrooms that feel like seaside holidays, with soft breezes flowing through linen drapery.”

Benjamin Moore’s Color of the Year is Blue Nova 824 which, according to the company, is “an intriguing blend of blue and violet that sparks adventure, elevates, and expands horizons.” It also pairs well with several types of natural stone.

“When selecting natural stone to pair with Blue Nova, this sumptuous mid-tone generally works well with lighter hues—particularly stone varieties with a crispness or cooler cast,” says Andrea Magno, Color Marketing and Development Director at Benjamin Moore. “For example, a Calacatta Lincoln or Olympian Pearl marble would make for a striking countertop when paired with Blue Nova; or Imperial Danby marble would make for an interesting pairing with Blue Nova, calling attention to the rust veining—a nod to a blue and orange complementary color scheme. A pale gray limestone, such as Fleuri or Sterling, would also work nicely adding softness to the overall look.”

Campbell agrees pairing Blue Nova with marbles can be a powerful combination. “Vibrant and energetic, Blue Nova adds a bold punch to blue, with a touch of violet that says, ‘I’m unique, I have flair and style,’” she adds.

Campbell recommends combining Blue Nova walls with gray marble countertops and flooring in a bathroom to create a space that makes a statement that is both calm and uplifting, soothing and charging. “Shades of gray stone temper the vibrance of the hue and add a touch of masculine calm energy that is timeless and modern at the same time,” she says. “The opposite of boring and quiet, Blue Nova infuses spaces with life. Blue Nova walls or cabinetry, with dark gray marble or granite countertops in a kitchen feels modern and fresh.”

She loves the idea of gold-toned and creamy marble counters or floors with this shade to evoke the feel of coastal life in the South of France. She compares the look to blue skies and seas, fields of lavender and wheat, and warm sand on the beaches.

Leveraging Color Trends

Most homeowners choose natural stone for their homes because it’s timeless, natural, and beautiful. Incorporating color trends through paint colors and other accents is an easy and fun way to update a space while taking advantage of the beauty of natural stone in one’s home.

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An earlier version of this article originally appeared in the Fall 2022 edition of Building Stone Magazine.

Wyoming State Capitol. Photo courtesy of Dan Schwalm Photography.

Just one highway leads to Rawlins, Wyoming, a small city 150 miles northwest of the state capital of Cheyenne. Rawlins straddles interstate route 80, but otherwise has drawn little attention to itself since its glory days in the 1800s, when it served as a freight and passenger stop on the Transcontinental Railroad. 

In the late nineteenth century, a quarry here produced sandstone for construction projects throughout the region. Rawlins sandstone glows in sunlight with a warm gray that lends a stately air to building exteriors, making it particularly attractive to designers of ornate government edifices. Overseeing the quarry’s production, owner Hans Larsen knew that this high-quality stone should be the fundamental material to grace the Wyoming territorial capitol building, for which construction began in the mid-1880s, several years before Wyoming received statehood. However, the architects had specified sandstone from Loveland, Colorado for the foundation and the capitol steps, with plans to bring more of this stone from Loveland to create the ornamented façade. 

Hearing of this insult to Wyoming quarries, Larsen stormed into Cheyenne, demanding that the local government use materials from its own resources rather than importing stone from another territory’s quarry. Government officials, no doubt taken aback by this fiery businessman, saw the wisdom in his point. Larsen won the contract, making Rawlins sandstone the material of choice for the capitol’s impressive exterior. Skilled stone masons created hundreds of detailed sculpted features by hand. Each column, corner, and cornice was a unique tribute to the sandstone’s quality and durability. The finished structure, including the towering rotunda, opened in 1888. 

Not even Wyoming sandstone can last forever, however, so some 130 years later, Wyoming’s infamously harsh winters had taken their toll on the original building, as well as the additions to Capitol Square constructed in 1890 and 1917. In 2013, the state began a massive $299 million renovation of the entire capitol complex, bringing top talent from across the region to Cheyenne to restore the grandeur of this splendid Renaissance Revival façade. The state determined that the restored capitol should look exactly as it did when the first crew completed it in 1888, so the team of architects, masons, and fabricators looked northwest to Rawlins once again for stone to match the building’s worn exterior. 

But Rawlins no longer had a working stone quarry. The quarry had closed in the 1920s, nearly 100 years before.

Unearthing the Stone

A block of sandstone is hoisted by a stiff leg derrick in a sandstone quarry owned by the Kerr Marle and Stone Company near Rawlins, WY between 1890 and 1910. It is believed that this photo might be the same quarry used in the Wyoming State Capitol restoration. Photo courtesy Wyoming State Archives.

The land containing the former quarry now belonged to Overland Trail Cattle Company, a major ranching and cattle operation and a subsidiary of Anschutz Corp, a private equity company based in Denver, Colorado. 

“Eldon Strid, a local person, provided a tremendous amount of knowledge about where the quarry was and who the owners were,” said Jeff Callinan of J.E. Dunn Construction Company, the general contractor for the state capitol project. “The land had recently changed hands—they were about to put a wind farm on this land.”

J.E. Dunn tried to contact the owners, but when they received no response, they enlisted the help of the governor’s office of the State of Wyoming. Governor Matt Mead and his staff approached Anschutz and “managed to shake it loose,” Callinan said, striking a deal that allowed the state to take 253 tons of sandstone from the former quarry for a reasonable price, providing the state found its own people to bring out the stone. J.E. Dunn tackled this tall order and located a mobile quarry operator in South Dakota. 

“We’d never had to set up a mobile quarry before,” said Callinan. “Normally, we are in the business of going out to the quarry to select big blocks of stone. In this case, we had to learn about the front end and getting the stone extracted. It’s a logistical project to get the stone out of the earth and get it to the people who can create a piece to go into the building. This team knows how to go through that logistical challenge.” 

The governor’s office of the State of Wyoming helped in the access in the capitol’s former quarry source in Rawlins, WY, which had closed nearly 100 years before. 235 tons of sandstone were quarried and used in the restoration effort. Here, cuts are made in the sandstone where sections of block will be extracted using a wire saw. Photo courtesy State of Wyoming.

Setting up a mobile quarry came with its own package of obstacles, Callinan explained. “We had to build a road. We had to coordinate with the Department of Corrections because there was a prison nearby. Then the Fish and Wildlife Department identified that a golden eagle was nesting in the area.” Golden eagles are a protected species under the Bald and Golden Eagles Act of 1940, so the quarry team had to wait for a month to begin their work until the eaglets had fledged and the birds abandoned the nest. 

The effort to reopen the long-dormant quarry proved to be more than worthwhile, said Tom Van Etten, president of Galloy & Van Etten, Inc., an award-winning family-owned stone fabrication company in Chicago. Van Etten led the twelve-person team that turned the Rawlins sandstone into meticulously cut and sculpted replacement pieces for the Wyoming project. “It’s a perfect match,” he said. “They found not just the right quarry, but the right stone matching in color.” 

Choosing exactly the right cuts of sandstone—matching the color of each to the existing stonework in the capitol façade—became the full-time job of preservation architect Katie Butler of CSHQA, headquartered in Boise, ID. Butler and CSHQA principal John Maulin came into the state capitol project in 2015 at the request of HDR Architecture, Inc., the architect of record. “I visited the site in Wyoming almost every other week for three years and attended numerous trips to quarries and fabricators to select the stone, review samples, and ensure the processes were in compliance with the construction documents,” said Butler. 

The process began with the team comparing a series of seven Rawlins sandstone samples, ranging in color from gray to buff, to each building level and elevation of the three building periods. “After a day on a lift, three samples were consistently found to match the existing stone at all areas,” said Butler. “These three samples established the range of colors we would use to select blocks from the Rawlins quarry.” The team visited the quarry three times between October and November 2015 to determine if the 3’ x 3’ blocks were in the correct range for color and veining. 

The project team compares samples to quarry blocks. Tom Van Etten, president of Galloy & Van Etten, led the twelve-person team that turned the Rawlins sandstone into meticulously cut and sculpted pieces for the Wyoming project. Photo courtesy State of Wyoming.

“It was quite the process,” said Butler. “At each site visit, we reviewed stone from different parts of the quarry—south pit, middle pit, and north pit. It was all the same type of sandstone but varied from each part of the quarry. It was tough trying to make sure that the underlying color and variation would be appropriate, especially with the building having been built in multiple phases.” After each visit, the team documented the process with photos and summarized it all in a field report. 

When stone became available from the Colorado quarry in Loveland for repairs of the stairs on the north and west side of the building, Butler and her team repeated this painstaking comparison until they found the right match for the existing steps. 

With this process completed, Butler and the rest of the team—Scott Evett from masonry contractor Mark 1 Restoration Company; Mike Ford, senior associate with stone restoration architect Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. (WJE); and representatives from J.E. Dunn, HDR, and the State of Wyoming met on site regularly to review mockups, trial repairs, and overall project progress. 

Enormous Scope

The process began with the team comparing a series of seven Rawlins sandstone samples, ranging in color from gray to buff, to each building level and elevation of the three building periods. “After a day on a lift, three samples were consistently found to match the existing stones at all areas,” said Butler. Photo courtesy State of Wyoming.

While the historians searched for exactly the right stone, Ford and the WJE team worked with Mark 1 Restoration to determine the scope of the required repairs. “It was about developing a repair approach that we thought was good and sound, but prioritized enough that we could do the repairs we felt were most important, deferring others,” said Ford. “We went on site, did an investigation, and provided options for repair.” 

Placing life safety above all other priorities, the WJE team discovered that the stone at the base of the building—the two courses quarried in Loveland—had deteriorated enough to raise concerns about its continued viability. A clear surface treatment had been applied to this stone in the 1990s, but it did not prevent damage from water and weather, and it “likely accelerated deterioration,” a report on the project noted. Many of the cornices and column capitals showed “severe delamination,” the document continued, also due primarily to water exposure. Some areas had been patched with mortar and stabilized with protective netting, applied years before to slow the progression of the inevitable—and to keep pieces of the façade from raining down on passersby.

The ornate elements throughout the Capitol façade had deteriorated during more than a century of Wyoming weather. Photo courtesy Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.

When it came to the restoration of these decorative elements, Ford and his team presented the state with options. “Often people look at these projects and say, ‘I can’t do that,’ instead of ‘Yes, I can do it, and this is what it will look like,’” he said. “For example, if you have snow and it sits on cornices and ledges and it melts, it gets into the stone and it absorbs. Then it freezes, and it happens again and again—that’s called thermal cycling, or freeze/thaw. A lot of the distress we were seeing was at these projecting ledges. We said that we could do dutchman repairs to match the original, and could improve water management; however, another approach could include installation of a sheet metal flashing. This may address water management and be more cost effective, but it would have an aesthetic impact.”  

WJE installed a mockup of both the stone dutchman and flashing approach and showed the state. The state chose the dutchman approach. “That is fine; they were able to make a good decision with the mockups and an understanding of the benefits and drawbacks we presented,” said Ford. “It’s a historic building. You want to keep the historic character and integrity.” 

In all, a total of 1,135 individual pieces throughout the building’s exterior required repairs or replacement, using 3,160 cubic feet of stone. “We put the stone in a local yard until we shipped it to Galloy & Van Etten in Chicago,” said Callinan. “There were truckloads and truckloads and truckloads.”

As if the size and scope of the project were not complex enough, the original architect in the 1880s, Davis W. Gibbs, had designed just about every feature of the ornate European-inspired façade to be unique.

“As a masonry restoration fabricator, Mark 1 created a shop drawing for each additional piece,” said Callinan. This shop ticket included the type of stone, its dimensions, the dutchman repair styles required, the number of the actual block of stone from which this piece would be cut, elevation drawings, and tooling requirements. “These would be approved, and it would go into fabrication. A lot of times they oversize them a little bit, so onsite they can tool it a little bit to get a perfect fit. Some have similar profiles and textures, but each piece was fabricated for a specific place and purpose.”  

The masonry team worked to develop standardized details for categories of stone profiles—so all the cornice ledges, for example, had the same basic shape and required the same kinds of onsite work once they arrived at the job site. “Every stone on the building was assigned a number, so you could see all of these on the elevations,” said Butler. Tom and Susan Van Etten led the effort at their Chicago facility to fabricate the profile of each element, roughing in the shape and preparing it for the decorative carving to be done by hand in Cheyenne. 

On site, masons from Mark 1 installed the dutchmen that had been fabricated in Chicago at Galloy & Van Etten with planers, pneumatic chisels, combing tools and other shaping devices to create exact replicas of the original detail for each column and cornice. Portions of the building were hand-finished on site—the rock face of the base stone, for example, using a small pitching tool to remove bits of material at a time.  

Butler totaled up the various kinds of repairs the project required: four different kinds of joints, eight different resurfacing techniques, 33 kinds of dutchmen, and two types of surface treatments. “WJE and CSHQA worked as a team,” she said. “WJE reviewed each repair for structural integrity and watertightness, while CSHQA would take the lead on the aesthetic appearance. There were only a couple of occasions where we had to change something because the stone wasn’t a good match.” 

Every facet of the stone restoration required meticulous work by hand using small tools. Photo courtesy Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.

The Reopening

Four years of overhaul—the complex’s first major renovation since 1917—resulted in a state capitol worthy of the accolades it has received. The stonework received the 2021 Grande Pinnacle Award from the Natural Stone Institute, while awards for the total project streamed in from many trade organizations: the American Public Works Association, Building Design and Construction magazine, the American Council of Engineering Companies of Colorado, the Construction Management Association of America, and Engineering-News Record Mountain States.    

“A project like this takes extraordinary skill, but it takes a team that knows who the right players are to accomplish it,” said Callinan. “It was extremely helpful to bring the right artisans to the table. The stone masons who were carving the stone onsite were the same people who worked with us on two other state capitol projects.”

State capitol restoration stands in a class of its own, said Butler, making this her favorite kind of work. “There are only fifty state capitols,” she pointed out, “so it’s a really special building type. It’s fun to see how things can be put back together and preserved without it looking like it was ever touched.”

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